Animal Behavior*

Table of Contents
1. An Evolutionary Approach to Animal Behavior

•Understanding Monogamy
-Levels of Analysis
-Proximate and Ultimate Explanations in Biology
-How to Discover the Causes of Behavior&3151;Scientifically
-Darwinian Theory and Ultimate Hypotheses
-Darwinian Theory and the Study of Behavior
-The Problem with Group Selection
-Testing Alternative Hypotheses
-Certainty and Science

2. Understanding the Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Bird Song

-Different Songs: Proximate Causes
-Social Experience and Song Development
-The Development of the Underlying Mechanisms of Singing Behavior
-How the Avian Song Control System Works
-Different Songs: Ultimate Causes
-The Reproductive Benefits of Song Learning
-The Benefits of Learning a Dialect
-Female Preferences and Song Learning
-Proximate and Ultimate Causes Are Complementary

3. The Development of Behavior

-The Interactive Theory of Development
-The Nature-or-Nurture Fallacy
-Behavioral Development Requires Both Genes and Environment
-What Causes Individuals to Develop Differently?
-Environmental Differences and Behavioral Differences
-Genetic Differences and Behavioral Differences
-Hereditary Differences in the Food Preferences of Garter Snakes
-Single-Gene Effects on Development
-Evolution and Behavioral Development
-Adaptive Features of Behavioral Development
-Developmental Homeostasis: Protecting Development against Disruption
-The Adaptive Value of Developmental Switch Mechanisms
-The Adaptive Value of Learning

4. The Control of Behavior: Neural Mechanisms

-How Neurons Control Behavior
-Sensory Receptors and Survival
-Relaying and Responding to Sensory Input
-Central Pattern Generators
-The Proximate Basis of Stimulus Filtering
-Cortical Magnification in the Tactile Mode
-Adaptation and the Proximate Mechanisms of Behavior
-Adaptive Mechanisms of Human Perception
-Adaptive Mechanisms of Navigation
-Adaptive Mechanisms of Migration

5. The Organization of Behavior: Neurons and Hormones

-Neural Command Centers Organize Behavior Behavioral Schedules
-How Do Circadian Mechanisms Work?
-Long-Term Cycles of Behavior
-The Physical Environment Influences Long-Term Cycles
-Changing Priorities in Changing Social Environments
-Hormones and the Organization of Reproductive Behavior
-The Variable Role of Testosterone

6. Behavioral Adaptations for Survival

-Mobbing Behavior and the Evolution of Adaptations
-The Comparative Method for Testing Adaptationist Hypotheses
-The Cost–Benefit Approach to Antipredator Behavior
-The Costs and Benefits of Camouflage
-Some Darwinian Puzzles
-Optimality Theory and Antipredator Behavior
-Game Theory Applied to Social Defenses

7. The Evolution of Feeding Behavior

-Optimal Foraging Behavior
-How to Choose an Optimal Mussel
-Criticisms of Optimal Foraging Theory
-Game Theory and Feeding Behavior
-More Darwinian Puzzles in Feeding Behavior
-Why Do Some Spiders Make Their Webs Conspicuous?
-Why Do Humans Consume Alcohol, Spices, and Dirt?
-The Adaptive Value and History of a Complex Behavior
-The Adaptive Value of Honey Bee Dances
-The Origin and Modification of Honey Bee Dances

8. Choosing Where to Live

-Habitat Selection
-Habitat Preferences of a Territorial Aphid
-The Costs and Benefits of Dispersal
-Migration
-The Costs of Migration
-The Benefits of Migration
-Migration as a Conditional Tactic
-Territoriality
-Territorial Contests

9. The Evolution of Communication

-The Origin and Modification of a Signal
-The Adaptive Value of a Signal
-An Adaptationist Hypothesis
-The History of a Signal-Receiving Mechanism
-The History of Insect Wings
-Sensory Exploitation of Signal Receivers
-Adaptationist Questions about Communication
-Why Do Baby Birds Beg So Loudly?
-How to Deal with Illegitimate Receivers
-Why Settle Disputes with Harmless Threats?
-How Can Deception Evolve?

10. The Evolution of Reproductive Behavior

-The Evolution of Differences in Sex Roles
-Testing the Evolutionary Theory of Sex Differences
-Sexual Selection and Competition for Mates
-Alternative Mating Tactics
-Conditional Mating Strategies
-Distinct Mating Strategies
-Sperm Competition
-Mate Guarding
-Sexual Selection and Mate Choice
-Mate Choice without Material Benefits
-Does Male Courtship Signal Mate Quality?
-Testing the Healthy Mate, Good Genes, and Runaway Selection Theories
-Sexual Conflict

11. The Evolution of Mating Systems

-Is Male Monogamy Adaptive?
-Male Monogamy in Mammals
-Male Monogamy in Birds
-What Do Females Gain from Polyandry?
-Polyandry and Good Genes
-Polyandry and Material Benefits
-The Diversity of Polygynous Mating Systems
-Female Defense Polygyny
-Resource Defense Polygyny
-Scramble Competition Polygyny
-Lek Polygyny

12. The Evolution of Parental Care

-The Cost–Benefit Analysis of Parental Care
-Why More Care by Mothers than Fathers?
-Exceptions to the Rule
-Why Do Male Water Bugs Do All the Work?
-Discriminating Parental Care
-Why Adopt Genetic Strangers?
-The History of Interspecific Brood Parasitism
-Why Accept a Parasite’s Egg?
-The Evolution of Parental Favoritism
-How to Evaluate the Reproductive Value of Offspring

13. The Evolution of Social Behavior

-The Costs and Benefits of Social Life
-The Evolution of Helpful Behavior
-The Reciprocity Hypothesis
-Altruism and Indirect Selection
-The Importance of Relatedness
-Indirect Selection and the Alarm Call of Belding’s Ground Squirrel
-The Concept of Inclusive Fitness
-Inclusive Fitness and the Pied Kingfisher
-Inclusive Fitness and Helpers at the Nest
-The Evolutionary History of Helping at the Nest
-Insect Helpers at the Nest
-The Evolution of Eusocial Behavior
-Haplodiploid Sex Determination and the Evolution of Extreme Altruism
-Testing the Haplodiploid Hypothesis
-Eusociality in the Absence of Very Close Relatedness
-The Ecology of Eusociality

14. The Evolution of Human Behavior

-The Adaptationist Approach to Human Behavior
-The Sociobiology Controversy
-Arbitrary Culture Theory
-Cultural Evolution Theory
-Adaptive Mate Preferences
-Adaptive Mate Preferences of Women
-Conditional Mate Preferences of Men and Women
-Sexual Conflict
-Coercive Sex
-Adaptive Parental Care
-Helping Children Marry
-Applications of Evolutionary Psychology